Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj: A Psychological Profiling of Fearlessness as a Cardinal Trait

Abstract

Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj, the second ruler of the Maratha Empire, is a historically significant figure whose leadership was defined by fearlessness, a cardinal personality trait that permeated his military, political, and social actions. This study employs Allport’s trait theory, historical content analysis, and comparative psychological profiling to examine how fearlessness governed Sambhaji Maharaj’s decision-making, strategic warfare, resistance against Mughal subjugation, and social reform initiatives. His refusal to surrender under extreme torture and his relentless defiance against imperial forces exemplify psychological resilience and unwavering moral conviction. Beyond his military acumen, Sambhaji Maharaj’s fearlessness extended to social justice, particularly in his advocacy for caste equality and inclusivity. His association with marginalized communities, particularly the Mahar community, and the legacy of social reforms later implemented by Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj highlight his progressive stance against caste-based discrimination. This research contributes to historical personality psychology by demonstrating how a cardinal trait can shape leadership, governance, and long-term socio-political transformations. By integrating personality psychology with historical research, this study provides a structured framework for analyzing historical figures through psychological theories. Future research could explore neuropsychological resilience in warrior-leaders, computational sentiment analysis of historical texts, and cross-cultural comparisons of cardinal traits in premodern leadership.