Could Coffee Play a Role in Managing Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder? A Theoretical Exploration of Neuropharmacological Pathways

Abstract

Background:
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a persistent neuropsychiatric disorder marked by unwanted thoughts and repetitive actions, often leading to considerable distress and functional impairment. Despite the effectiveness of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) as primary treatment options, many individuals find only limited relief from their symptoms. Caffeine, a stimulant primarily found in coffee, interacts with multiple neurotransmitter systems that are involved in OCD, including serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate.

Objective:
This narrative review seeks to examine the theoretical neuropharmacological processes through which caffeine might affect OCD symptoms, discussing both its potential advantages and drawbacks.

Methods:
A thorough literature review was performed to compile insights from neuroscience, psychopharmacology, and clinical psychiatry regarding the impact of caffeine on brain function and its significance in the context of OCD pathology.

Results:
Caffeine exhibits intricate effects on neural circuits associated with mood regulation, arousal, and compulsivity that vary depending on dosage. While lower to moderate amounts may improve cognitive flexibility and alleviate fatigue, higher doses tend to correlate with heightened anxiety and restlessness. Observations from case studies and preclinical research suggest a possible bidirectional relationship between caffeine consumption and compulsive behaviors, influenced by genetic factors and individual differences. However, there are currently no randomized controlled trials (RCTs) specifically evaluating caffeine's effects on OCD.

Conclusion:
Despite not being an established treatment for OCD, caffeine's impact on relevant neurochemical pathways merits additional research. There is a need for controlled clinical trials to ascertain whether caffeine could act as a therapeutic supplement or if it poses a modifiable risk factor in managing OCD.