The Global Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance: A Systematic Review of Trends, Drivers and Effective Interventions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.69889/ijlapt.v2i02(Feb).98Keywords:
Antimicrobial resistance, Global impact, Epidemiology, Risk factors, Antimicrobial stewardship, One Health, Public health measures, Drug-resistant infectionsAbstract
Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a major threat to global health, contributing to higher mortality rates, extended hospitalizations, and significant economic costs. Despite international efforts to address AMR, its incidence continues to increase, especially in low- and middle-income nations. Gaining insights into the trends, causative factors, and successful interventions is essential for formulating effective strategies to combat AMR.
Objectives: This systematic review seeks to evaluate the worldwide impact of AMR, pinpointing critical epidemiological trends, foundational drivers, and the efficacy of various interventions.
Methods: A comprehensive search was performed across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Embase databases. The review included studies published within the last 10 to 15 years, concentrating on trends, risk factors, and interventions related to AMR. The quality of the studies was assessed using the ROBIS tool, while the certainty of evidence was determined through the GRADE framework.
Results: AMR is increasingly recognized as a significant global challenge, with pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales being particularly alarming. The primary contributors to AMR encompass inappropriate antibiotic use in both human and veterinary practices, insufficient surveillance, fragile healthcare systems, and environmental pollution. Successful interventions identified include antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs), strategies for infection prevention, enhanced surveillance, public awareness initiatives, and innovative therapeutic solutions. Nonetheless, obstacles remain due to inconsistent intervention effectiveness, regulatory shortcomings, and unequal distribution of healthcare resources.
Conclusion: Tackling AMR necessitates a comprehensive One Health approach that integrates human, animal, and environmental health considerations. Key actions include bolstering global surveillance systems, raising public awareness, advancing antimicrobial stewardship practices, and encouraging innovation in antibiotic development. Additional research is required to assess the long-term effectiveness of interventions and their role in diminishing AMR.
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